Ev Charger Technologies

Fasahar cajin EV a China da Amurka suna kama da juna. A cikin kasashen biyu, igiyoyi da matosai sune fasahar da ta mamaye babbar fasahar cajin motocin lantarki. (Cajin mara waya da musanya baturi suna da aƙalla ƙaramar gaban.) Akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙasashen biyu dangane da matakan caji, ka'idojin caji da ka'idojin sadarwa. An tattauna waɗannan kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance a ƙasa.

A. Matakan Caji

A cikin Amurka, babban cajin EV yana faruwa a 120 volts ta amfani da kantunan bangon gida da ba a gyara ba. Wannan ana kiransa gabaɗaya da caji Level 1 ko “trickle” caji. Tare da caji Level 1, baturin 30 kWh na yau da kullun yana ɗaukar kusan awanni 12 don tafiya daga 20% zuwa kusan cikakken caji. (Babu tashoshin wutar lantarki 120 a China.)

A cikin China da Amurka, babban cajin EV yana faruwa a 220 volts (China) ko 240 volts (Amurka). A cikin Amurka, ana kiran wannan da caji Level 2.

Irin wannan cajin na iya faruwa tare da wuraren da ba a gyara ba ko na'urorin caji na musamman na EV kuma yawanci yana amfani da kusan 6-7 kW na wuta. Lokacin yin caji a 220-240 volts, baturin 30 kWh na yau da kullun yana ɗaukar kusan sa'o'i 6 don tafiya daga 20% zuwa kusan cikakken caji.

A ƙarshe, duka Sin da Amurka suna da haɓaka hanyoyin sadarwa na caja masu sauri na DC, yawanci suna amfani da 24 kW, 50 kW, 100 kW ko 120 kW na wuta. Wasu tashoshi na iya bayar da 350 kW ko ma 400 kW na wutar lantarki. Waɗannan caja masu sauri na DC na iya ɗaukar baturin abin hawa daga kashi 20% zuwa kusan cikakken caji a lokutan da suka kama daga kusan awa ɗaya zuwa kaɗan kamar mintuna 10.

Table 6:Yawancin matakan caji na yau da kullun a Amurka

Source: Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka

B. Matsayin Cajin

i. China

Kasar Sin tana da ma'aunin caji mai sauri na EV a duk fadin kasar. Amurka tana da matakan caji mai sauri EV guda uku.

An san ma'aunin Sinanci da China GB/T. (BaqaqeGBtsaya ga matsayin kasa.)

An saki China GB/T a cikin 2015 bayan shekaru da yawa na ci gaba.124 Yanzu ya zama wajibi ga duk sabbin motocin lantarki da ake sayarwa a China. Kamfanonin kera motoci na duniya, da suka hada da Tesla, Nissan da BMW, sun yi amfani da ma'aunin GB/T don EVs ɗinsu da aka sayar a China. GB/T a halin yanzu yana ba da damar yin caji da sauri a iyakar 237.5 kW na fitarwa (a 950 V da 250 amps), kodayake da yawa

Caja masu sauri na kasar Sin DC suna ba da cajin 50 kW. Za a fitar da sabon GB/T a cikin 2019 ko 2020, wanda aka bayar da rahoton inganta ma'auni don haɗawa da caji har zuwa 900 kW don manyan motocin kasuwanci. GB/T ma'auni ne na kasar Sin kawai: ’yan EV na China da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje suna amfani da wasu ka’idoji.125

A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 2018, majalisar kula da wutar lantarki ta kasar Sin (CEC) ta sanar da yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da cibiyar sadarwa ta CHAdeMO dake kasar Japan, domin hada karfi da karfe wajen samar da caji cikin sauri. Manufar ita ce dacewa tsakanin GB/T da CHAdeMO don yin caji da sauri. Kungiyoyin biyu za su yi hadin gwiwa don fadada ma'auni zuwa kasashen da suka wuce Sin da Japan.126

ii. Amurka

A cikin Amurka, akwai ma'aunin cajin EV guda uku don cajin gaggawar DC: CHAdeMO, CCS SAE Combo da Tesla.

CHAdeMO shine ma'aunin caji na farko na EV, tun daga 2011. Tokyo ne ya haɓaka shi.

Kamfanin wutar lantarki kuma yana nufin "Charge to Move" (launi a cikin Jafananci) 127 CHAdeMO a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi a Amurka a cikin Nissan Leaf da Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, waɗanda ke cikin motocin lantarki mafi girma. Nasarar Leaf a Amurka na iya kasancewaCIGABA DA MOTAR LANTARKI A CHINA DA AMURKA

SIYASAR MAKARANTA.COLUMBIA.EDU | FEBRUARY 2019 |

a wani bangare na yunƙurin da Nissan ta yi tun farko na ƙaddamar da ayyukan CHAdeMO masu saurin caji a dillalai da sauran wuraren birane.128 Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2019, akwai sama da caja masu sauri na CHAdeMO sama da 2,900 a Amurka (da fiye da 7,400 a Japan da 7,900). a Turai).129

A cikin 2016, CHAdeMO ta sanar da cewa za ta haɓaka ƙa'idodinta daga ƙimar cajin farko na 70.

kW don bayar da 150 kW.130 A watan Yuni 2018 CHAdeMO ya sanar da ƙaddamar da ƙarfin cajin 400 kW, ta amfani da 1,000 V, 400 amp na igiyoyi masu sanyaya ruwa. Za a samu ƙarin cajin don biyan bukatun manyan motocin kasuwanci kamar manyan motoci da bas.131

Ma'aunin caji na biyu a Amurka ana kiransa CCS ko SAE Combo. An sake shi a cikin 2011 ta ƙungiyar masu kera motoci na Turai da Amurka. Kalmarhaduwayana nuna cewa filogi ya ƙunshi duka cajin AC (har zuwa 43 kW) da cajin DC.132 In

Jamus, an kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Interface Initiative (CharIN) don ba da shawarar ɗaukar CCS da yawa. Ba kamar CHAdeMO ba, filogi na CCS yana ba da damar cajin DC da AC tare da tashar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya, yana rage sarari da buɗewa da ake buƙata a jikin abin hawa. Jaguar,

Volkswagen, General Motors, BMW, Daimler, Ford, FCA da Hyundai suna tallafawa CCS. Har ila yau, Tesla ya shiga cikin kawancen kuma a watan Nuwamba 2018 ya sanar da cewa motocinsa a Turai za su zo tare da CCS na cajin tashar jiragen ruwa.133 Chevrolet Bolt da BMW i3 suna cikin shahararrun EVs a Amurka da ke amfani da cajin CCS. Yayin da caja masu sauri na CCS na yanzu suna ba da caji a kusan 50 kW, shirin Electrify America ya haɗa da caji mai sauri na 350 kW, wanda zai iya ba da damar caji kusan kusan mintuna 10.

Ma'aunin caji na uku a Amurka Tesla ne ke sarrafa shi, wanda ya ƙaddamar da nasa cibiyar sadarwa ta Supercharger a cikin Amurka a cikin Satumba 2012.134 Tesla

Superchargers yawanci suna aiki akan 480 volts kuma suna ba da caji a iyakar 120 kW. Kamar yadda

na Janairu 2019, gidan yanar gizon Tesla ya jera wurare 595 Supercharger a Amurka, tare da ƙarin wurare 420 "suna zuwa nan ba da jimawa ba."

A cikin bincikenmu na wannan rahoton, mun tambayi waɗanda aka yi hira da su a Amurka ko sun ɗauki rashin ma'auni ɗaya na ƙasa ɗaya na cajin gaggawa na DC a matsayin shinge ga ɗaukar EV. Kadan suka amsa da amin. Dalilan da yawancin ma'aunin caji na DC da yawa ba a ɗauka a matsayin matsala sun haɗa da:

Yawancin cajin EV yana faruwa a gida da aiki, tare da caja Level 1 da 2.

Yawancin jama'a da wuraren aiki na cajin kayayyakin more rayuwa har zuwa yau sun yi amfani da caja Level 2.

● Akwai adaftar da ke ba masu EV damar amfani da yawancin caja masu sauri na DC, koda EV da caja suna amfani da ma'aunin caji daban-daban. (Babban banda, cibiyar sadarwa ta Tesla supercharging, tana buɗewa kawai ga motocin Tesla.) Musamman, akwai wasu damuwa game da amincin adaftan caji mai sauri.

Tunda filogi da mai haɗawa suna wakiltar ƙaramin kaso na farashin tashar caji mai sauri, wannan yana ba da ƙalubalen fasaha ko kuɗi kaɗan ga masu tashar kuma ana iya kwatanta su da hoses na iskar octane daban-daban a tashar mai. Yawancin tashoshin cajin jama'a suna da filogi da yawa a haɗe zuwa wurin caji guda ɗaya, yana barin kowane nau'in EV yayi caji a wurin. Lallai, hukunce-hukunce da yawa suna buƙatar ko ƙarfafa wannan.CIGABA DA MOTAR LANTARKI A CHINA DA AMURKA

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Wasu masu kera motoci sun ce keɓancewar hanyar sadarwar caji tana wakiltar dabarar gasa. Claas Bracklo, shugaban electromobility a BMW kuma shugaban CharIN, ya bayyana a cikin 2018, "Mun kafa CharIN don gina matsayi na iko." shirye don ƙyale wasu ƙirar mota suyi amfani da hanyar sadarwar ta muddin sun ba da gudummawar kuɗi daidai da amfani.138 Tesla kuma wani ɓangare na CharIN yana haɓaka CCS. A watan Nuwamba 2018, ta sanar da cewa Model 3 motoci da aka sayar a Turai za su zo da sanye take da tashar jiragen ruwa na CCS. Masu Tesla kuma suna iya siyan adaftar don samun damar caja masu sauri na CHAdeMO.139

C. Cajin Ka'idojin Sadarwa Cajin ladabi na sadarwa suna da mahimmanci don haɓaka caji don buƙatun mai amfani (don gano yanayin caji, ƙarfin baturi da aminci) kuma ga grid (ciki har da

ikon rarraba cibiyar sadarwa, farashin lokacin amfani da matakan amsa buƙatu).140 China GB/T da CHAdeMO suna amfani da ka'idar sadarwa da aka sani da CAN, yayin da CCS ke aiki tare da yarjejeniyar PLC. Budaddiyar ka'idojin sadarwa, irin su Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) da Open Charging Alliance ta kirkira, na kara samun karbuwa a Amurka da Turai.

A cikin bincikenmu na wannan rahoto, da yawa daga cikin waɗanda aka yi hira da su a Amurka sun ambaci yunƙurin zuwa buɗaɗɗen ka'idojin sadarwa da software a matsayin fifikon manufofin. Musamman ma, wasu ayyukan cajin jama'a waɗanda suka sami kuɗi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Farfaɗo da Sake Kuɗi ta Amurka (ARRA) an ambata cewa sun zaɓi masu siyarwa tare da dandamali na mallakar mallaka waɗanda daga baya suka fuskanci matsalolin kuɗi, suna barin kayan aikin da suka lalace waɗanda ke buƙatar canji.141 Yawancin biranen, kayan aiki, da caji. cibiyoyin sadarwar da aka tuntuba don wannan binciken sun nuna goyon baya ga buɗaɗɗen ka'idojin sadarwa da ƙarfafawa don ba da damar cajin rundunonin cibiyar sadarwa don sauya masu samarwa ba tare da wata matsala ba.142

D. Farashin

Cajin gida yana da arha a China fiye da na Amurka. A China, caja gida na yau da kullun mai nauyin 7 kW yana siyarwa akan layi tsakanin RMB 1,200 da RMB 1,800.143 Shigarwa yana buƙatar ƙarin farashi. (Mafi yawan sayayya na EV masu zaman kansu suna zuwa tare da caja da shigarwa sun haɗa.) A cikin Amurka, Caja na gida na Mataki na 2 yana farashi a cikin kewayon $ 450- $ 600, tare da matsakaicin kusan $ 500 don shigarwa.144 DC kayan caji mai sauri yana da tsada sosai a ciki. kasashen biyu. Farashin ya bambanta sosai. Wani kwararre na kasar Sin da aka yi hira da shi kan wannan rahoto ya kiyasta cewa shigar da tashar cajin wutar lantarki mai karfin kilowatt 50 a kasar Sin ya kan kashe kudin da ya kai RMB 45,000 zuwa RMB 60,000, inda kudin cajin da kansa ya kai RMB 25 - RMB 35,000 da cabling, kayayyakin more rayuwa na karkashin kasa da kuma lissafin ma'aikata. ga saura.145 A Amurka, cajin gaggawa na DC na iya biyan dubun dubatan daloli a kowane matsayi. Manyan sauye-sauyen da ke shafar farashin shigar da kayan aikin caji na DC cikin sauri sun haɗa da buƙatar trenching, haɓaka taswira, sababbi ko haɓaka da'irori da fatunan lantarki da haɓaka kayan kwalliya. Alamu, ba da izini da samun dama ga nakasassu ƙarin la’akari ne.146

E. Waya mara waya

Cajin mara waya yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa, gami da kayan kwalliya, adana lokaci da sauƙin amfani.

An samo shi a cikin 1990s don EV1 (motar farko ta lantarki) amma yana da wuya a yau.147 Wireless EV caji tsarin miƙa kan layi akan farashi daga $1,260 zuwa kusan $3,000.148 Wireless EV caji yana ɗaukar hukunci mai inganci, tare da tsarin yanzu yana ba da ingantaccen caji na kusa da 85%.149 Kayayyakin caji mara waya na yanzu suna ba da wutar lantarki na 3-22 kW; Ana samun caja mara igiyar waya don nau'ikan EV da yawa daga cajin Plugless a ko dai 3.6 kW ko 7.2 kW, daidai da cajin Level 2.150 Yayin da yawancin masu amfani da EV suna la'akarin cajin mara waya bai cancanci ƙarin farashi ba, 151 wasu manazarta sun yi hasashen fasahar za ta yadu nan ba da jimawa ba. kuma masu kera motoci da yawa sun sanar da cewa za su ba da cajin mara waya a matsayin zaɓi akan EVs na gaba. Cajin mara waya zai iya zama abin sha'awa ga wasu motocin da ke da madaidaitan hanyoyi, kamar motocin bas na jama'a, haka kuma an tsara shi don samar da titunan manyan hanyoyin lantarki a nan gaba, duk da tsadar caji, ƙarancin caji da saurin caji zai zama cikas.152

F. Canja Batir

Tare da fasahar musanya baturi, motocin lantarki za su iya musanya ƙarancin batir ɗin su ga wasu waɗanda ke da cikakken caji. Wannan zai rage girman lokacin da ake buƙata don yin cajin EV, tare da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci ga direbobi.

A halin yanzu, birane da kamfanoni da yawa na kasar Sin suna gwajin musayar baturi, tare da mai da hankali kan manyan jiragen ruwa na EVs masu amfani, kamar taksi. Birnin Hangzhou ya ba da damar yin musanyar baturi don motocin tasi nasa, da ke amfani da Zotye EVs.155 na cikin gida na Beijing ya gina tashoshi da yawa na musayar baturi a wani yunƙuri da kamfanin kera motoci na gida BAIC ya goyi bayan. A karshen shekarar 2017, BAIC ta sanar da shirin gina tashoshi 3,000 na musaya a fadin kasar nan nan da shekarar 2021.156 Kamfanin EV na kasar Sin na NIO yana shirin yin amfani da fasahar musanya baturi ga wasu motocinsa, ta kuma sanar da cewa, za ta gina tashoshin musanya 1,100 a kasar Sin.157 birane da dama a kasar Sin— ciki har da Hangzhou da Qingdao—sun kuma yi amfani da musanya baturi don bas.158

A cikin Amurka, tattaunawa game da musanyar baturi ya dusashe sakamakon fatara na 2013 na farawa na musayar baturi na Isra'ila Project Better Place, wanda ya tsara hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar musayar motocin fasinja.153 A cikin 2015, Tesla ya yi watsi da shirye-shiryen tashar musanyawa bayan gina daya kacal. wurin nunawa, zargin rashin sha'awar mabukaci. Akwai 'yan kaɗan idan an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen game da musanya baturi a Amurka a yau.154 Rage farashin batir, da kuma ƙila zuwa ƙarami ƙaddamar da kayan aikin caji mai sauri na DC, mai yiwuwa ya rage sha'awar musanya baturi a cikin Amurka.

Duk da yake musanyar baturi yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa, yana da fa'idodi da yawa kuma. Batirin EV yana da nauyi kuma yawanci yana a ƙasan abin hawa, yana samar da wani ɓangaren tsari tare da ƙarancin jurewar injiniya don daidaitawa da haɗin lantarki. Batura na yau yawanci suna buƙatar sanyaya, kuma haɗawa da cire haɗin tsarin sanyaya yana da wahala.159 Bisa la'akari da girmansu da nauyinsu, dole ne tsarin baturi ya dace da kyau don guje wa ratsi, rage lalacewa da kiyaye abin hawa a tsakiya. Gine-ginen gine-ginen baturi na Skateboard gama gari a cikin EVs na yau yana haɓaka aminci ta hanyar rage tsakiyar abin abin hawa da haɓaka kariyar haɗari a gaba da baya. Batura masu cirewa dake cikin akwati ko wani wuri ba zasu rasa wannan fa'idar ba. Tunda yawancin masu abin hawa suna cajin yawanci a gida koCIGABA DA MOTAR LANTARKI A CHINA DA AMURKAA wurin aiki, musanya baturi ba lallai ba ne ya warware matsalolin samar da caji - zai taimaka kawai magance cajin jama'a da kewayon. Kuma saboda yawancin masu kera motoci ba sa son daidaita fakitin batir ko ƙira-motoci an kera su a kusa da batura da injinan su, yin wannan mahimmin ƙimar mallaka160-musanyar baturi na iya buƙatar tashar tashar musanyawa ta daban ga kowane kamfani mota ko raba kayan musanyawa don samfura daban-daban girman motocin. Ko da yake an ba da shawarar manyan motocin da za su canza batir, 161 ba a aiwatar da wannan tsarin kasuwanci ba.